How Long to Boil Water to Kill Germs If you have objects that you need to sanitize, boil them in hot water if it's safe to do so for one to five minutes. Water Temperature to Sanitize Dishes Is there a safe temperature for water that sanitizes dishes?
To sanitize your dishes, try one of the following: After hand washing the dishes, if your dishwasher has a sanitizing cycle, run them through the dishwasher to sanitize them. Soak dishes for one minute in a solution of 1 gallon of water to 1 tablespoon of chlorine bleach. Water temperature doesn't matter. Some tips for safe and effective steam cleaning: Steam surfaces systematically so all parts of the surface come into contact with the steam.
This is easiest to accomplish using a wide nozzle steamer and working in overlapping rows. Wipe away moisture from steam with paper towels and always wipe in the same direction so you don't reinfect the surfaces. Change paper towels frequently. Don't use sponges, which harbor bacteria. Always allow the steamer to cool and depressurize before opening the water receptacle and adding more water.
Keep skin away from the steam as it comes out of the steamer. Surfaces That Shouldn't Be Steam Cleaned There are certain surfaces you shouldn't steam clean: Marble Surfaces painted with water-based pain Brick Stucco Porous surfaces Electronics Meltable plastics Raw wood To sanitize such surfaces, a solution of water, bleach, and detergent is your best bet.
Hot Water for Sanitizing Hot water is an effective sanitizer provided you have a safe way to use the water at the proper temperature. By Michele Meleen. By Gabrielle Applebury. How to Disinfect a Toothbrush and Kill Germs.
By Mychelle Blake. Most commercially available chlorine generation equipment will operate on waters ranging in salinity from freshwater to seawater, and also on brine solutions prepared for the purpose. Heavy metal ions present in seawater interfere with the stability of hypochlorite solutions prepared using water from this source. Operation and Maintenance Gas Chlorinators. Gas chlorinators have an advantage in situations where water flow rates are variable, because the chlorine feed rates may be synchronized to inject variable quantities of chlorine into the product water.
Capital costs of gas chlorination, however, are somewhat greater, but chemical costs may be less. Normal operation of a gas chlorinator requires routine observation and preventive maintenance. Because of its oxidizing potential, calcium hypochlorite should be stored in a cool, dry location, away from other chemicals, in corrosion-resistant containers.
The chlorine feed rate of a floating chlorinator must be adjusted daily to increase or decrease the dosage in conformity with the water output of the treatment plant.
The pump should be operated in the upper ranges of the dial to ensure that the strokes or pulses from the pump are frequent enough so that the chlorine will be fed continuously into the water being treated. Commercial sodium hypochlorite solutions such as Clorox contain an excess of caustic soda sodium hydroxide, NaOH ; when diluted with highly alkaline water, they produce a solution that is supersaturated with calcium carbonate, which tends to form a coating on the valves in the solution feeder.
Similarly, in systems using calcium hypochlorite HTH , when sodium fluoride is injected at the same point as the hypochlorite solution the calcium and fluoride ions combine and form a coating. The coated valves will not seat properly and the feeder will fail to chlorinate the product water properly. Small hypochlorinators are sealed so that they cannot be repaired without replacing the entire unit. Otherwise, they require very little maintenance, mostly consisting of a periodic oil change and lubrication.
Frequent visits are required to the chlorination points in the distribution system to make adjustments, to clear PVC tubing of sludge formation that stops tablets from dissolving, and to recharge tablets. Level of Involvement Boiling is exclusively the responsibility of individual users. Chlorination is normally conducted by the private sector in small-scale hypochlorite treatment systems. Regional or large-scale systems require the involvement of a public utility or regional water supply authority, particularly if gas chlorination is used.
For large systems, government involvement and financing are required. Costs The cost of boiling is related to the cost of the energy used in the process. The cost of chlorination systems varies considerably depending on the geographic location and the type of chlorination system used.
Table 10 shows a comparison of capital costs of two different chlorination systems. Effectiveness of the Technology Boiling is a very effective disinfection technology, but it is recommended only as a backup to other technologies because of its volume limitations and energy requirements.
Chlorination is a very effective and well-known technology. Its effectiveness is a function of the quality of the water that is being chlorinated and the method of chlorination used. Normally gas chlorination is a more efficient method of disinfection, although a system based on the use of hypochlorite tablets is easier to operate and maintain and is preferred by individual users. Table 11 shows a comparison of the two methods as used on the Caribbean island of Montserrat.
General Manager, Montserrat Water Authority, Suitability Boiling is applicable everywhere, although it is now most often used in emergencies or in rural areas where chlorinated public water supplies are not available.
Chlorination can be used in most areas depending on the availability of chemicals. Gas Chlorination, however, is best used in controlled situations such as provided by a public water utility. Advantages As was noted above, boiling, while an effective technology, is generally considered to be a secondary or emergency means of disinfecting water supplies. They easy to construct and to transport. However, they cannot easily guarantee uniform residual chlorine concentrations.
Dry chlorine can be safely handled in steel containers and piping, but where moisture is present as it is in most treatment plants , corrosion-resistant materials such as silver, glass, Teflon, and certain other plastics must be used - though not, as was said above, for pressurized gas.
Cultural Acceptability Boiling is a widely accepted practice. One of the most popular methods of sterilizing is boiling. Place bottles, spoons, nipples, lids and other equipment into a pot of water and bringing it to a rolling boil for 2 minutes. You can cover and store the equipment in a clean place. After cleaning the stainless steel appliances, they can be further sterilized with isopropyl, or rubbing alcohol.
Pour the rubbing alcohol into a spray bottle and cover the surface with a fine mist of the natural cleaning solution. Allow this to sit on the surface for 20 minutes. The heat kills the germs without damaging the metal in the process, leaving the metal in a sterile condition and ready for use.
Boiling is sufficient to kill pathogenic bacteria, viruses and protozoa WHO, If water is cloudy, let it settle and filter it through a clean cloth, paperboiling water towel, or coffee filter. Bring water to a rolling boil for at least one minute. The term rolling boil facilitates communication and assures that an effective pasteurization temperature is reached to kill or inactivate waterborne pathogens.
0コメント