Courtesy of the Library of Congress. Figure 3: Ambulance wagon on the Battlefield at Bull Run, On February 26, , the Confederate States of America Provisional Congress authorized the medical department of the Confederate army to provide for one Surgeon General, four surgeons, and six assistant surgeons; and by May, Congress assigned six additional surgeons and fourteen assistant surgeons to the regular army.
Ambulances should service 40 men per , with 20 lying extended and 20 sitting. Schroeder-Lien reports, these vehicles were often lacking in sufficient quantities and were usually found broken before, during, and after battles. Figure 4: Regulation hospital tent. Originally, both sides planned to use only authorized ambulances to transport the wounded from the battle to hospital depots, to steamer landings and then to primary hospitals. King, Medical Director of the Union Army of the Potomac, each regiment to men were issued one ambulance.
The 27 th New York Infantry went into battle with two ambulances but did not have an ambulance staff, and the 14 th New York Infantry went into battle without ambulances or an ambulance corps. Figure 5: Sibley tent. This limited amount of space indicates static thought regarding how many men are wounded during a major battle.
According to John S. Figure 6: Sudley Church, July When the rebellion commenced in , each Northern state provided and supplied its own army regiments, each of which included one surgeon and an assistant surgeon. Duncan of the Union Medical Corps, there should have been eight field hospitals and eight ambulance companies prior to the battle of First Manassas, with six of these hospitals placed near or at the town of Centreville.
The church-hospital received some wounded that day. Furthermore, the unexpected rout of the Union forces caused a chaotic retreat, which further complicated the ability of the overtaxed medical facility to care for their wounded.
Panicked soldiers and fleeing spectators blocked attempts to aid the wounded, sometimes leaving them where they fell. P re-War Atmosphere In Washington, Richmond, and many smaller towns and hamlets like Centerville, VA, there were several days of pre-war gaiety, with a carnival or festival-like atmosphere.
The Union believed they would be in Richmond soon after the encounter, while the Confederates were ready to march onto Washington in their victory parade. Some excited Union supporters printed tickets to a grand victory ball in Richmond, while politicians and the general public on both sides loaded into carriages, rode horses, or walked to the battlefield.
Together, they pushed the Union forces back with such intensity that many soldiers panicked and fled in an unorganized retreat, running into the multitude of spectators; which in turn, caused thousands of observers to panic and flee alongside the Union soldiers. This action jammed the main road and created a bottleneck at Cub Run bridge on the way towards Centerville and Washington.
Figure 9: Cub Run, view with destroyed bridges, July To aid this many men, 86 ambulances and enough crew were needed. Note: it is not known at this time if the killed included men who were medically aided and died later, died instantly, or died waiting on ambulances, therefore they are included in the total of men who could have needed an ambulance.
At Manassas, we do not have an account of how many ambulances were there, but we know based on the evidence presented, it was not enough. Moreover, most of the ambulances were driven by civilians who fled during the stampede, driving away in an empty wagon. The Armies at Manassas were vastly ill-prepared to deal with the sudden onslaught of wounded, as both armies followed outdated army medical thought on field hospitals and ambulance service.
Explore This Park. Manassas National Battlefield Park Virginia. Info Alerts Maps Calendar. Alerts In Effect Dismiss. Dismiss View all alerts. Learn More About First Manassas. Union Order of Battle. Confederate Order of Battle. Winter Camp at Manassas.
Battlefield Communication. Last updated: November 8, Stay Connected. This regiment ascended to the brow of the hill steadily, received the severe fire of the enemy, returned it with spirit, and advanced delivering its fire.
This regiment is uniformed in gray cloth, almost identical with that of the great bulk of the secession army, and when the regiment fell into confusion and retreated toward the road there was an universal cry that they were being fired on by our own men.
The regiment rallied again, passed the brow of the hill a second time, but was again repulsed in disorder. I appeal to all loyal citizens to favor, facilitate, and aid this effort to maintain the honor, the integrity, and the existence of our National Union, and the perpetuity of popular government; and to redress wrongs already long enough endured. Bull Run: Featured Resources.
Civil War Article. Civil War Biography. Civil War Video. Civil War Historic Site. Civil War Historical Map. Civil War Battle Map. Bull Run: Search All Resources. All battles of the Manassas Campaign - July Full Civil War Map. Civil War Battle.
Result: Confederate Victory Est. Casualties: 4, Union: 2, Confederate: 1, Related Battles. Battle Facts. Manassas, VA July 21, They concentrated at a series of fords that crossed the foot-wide river. Bull Run has steep banks and is deep in spots, and would have slowed even experienced troops. The soldiers of , and many of their officers, were still novices. McDowell was 42 years old, a cautious, teetotaling officer who had served in Mexico but spent most of his career on staff duty.
With green troops and his first major command, he did not want to attack the Confederates head-on. But after reaching Centreville on July 18, he rode out to inspect the ground and decided against it.
Before departing, he ordered Brig. Daniel Tyler, commanding his lead division, to probe the roads ahead—not to start a battle, but to make the Rebels think the army was aiming directly for Manassas.
The Rebels, commanded there by Brig. James Longstreet, hid until the Federals were close. In both directions, this short, sharp clash was vastly exaggerated.
Swarms of civilians rushed out from the capital in a party mood, bringing picnic baskets and champagne, expecting to cheer the boys on their way.
One of the less cheerful scenes they encountered was the Fourth Pennsylvania Infantry and the Eighth New York Battery walking away on the brink of battle because their day enlistments were up. For the next two days, McDowell stayed put, resupplying and planning.
It was a fateful delay. From there it was six-plus miles downhill to the Manassas Gap Railroad station at Piedmont now Delaplane. Arriving about a. Johnston himself reached Manassas about midday. To head off confusion, he asked President Davis to make clear that he was senior in rank to Beauregard. Later the two officers agreed that since Beauregard was more familiar with the immediate situation, he would retain command at the tactical level while Johnston managed the overall campaign.
That day, July 20, two opposing generals sat writing orders that, if carried through, would send their attacking armies pinwheeling around each other. He woke Johnston to endorse it at a. Meanwhile Union Brig. David Hunter and Samuel Heintzelman started their divisions along the Warrenton Turnpike, then made a wide arc north and west toward an undefended ford at Sudley Springs, two miles above the bridge.
McDowell himself was sick from some canned fruit he had eaten the night before. But hopes were high. About that morning, the first shell, a massive Federal pounder, whanged through the tent of a Confederate signal station near Stone Bridge without hurting anybody. Then he picked out a glitter of bayonets nearing Sudley Springs. He quickly sent a note to Beauregard and flagged a signal to Capt. Nathan Evans, who was posted with 1, infantry and two smoothbore cannon at the far end of the Confederate line, watching Stone Bridge.
Without waiting for orders, Evans rushed across the turnpike with two of his regiments and faced north to block the threatening Federals. Union Col. There Burnside ordered a stop for water and rest, giving Evans time to position his skimpy defenders in a strip of woods along Matthews Hill.
When the Yankees came within about yards, Evans gave the order to open fire. Burnside advanced close behind his skirmishers, followed by Col. Soon after the first burst of fire, Burnside encountered David Hunter, riding back seriously wounded, who told him to take command of the division. Confederate Brig. Barnard Bee, ordered to the left by Beauregard, started setting a defensive line near what is now called the Henry House, on a hill just south of the turnpike.
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